Type System Reference

Contents:

• Generics
  • Defining generic classes
  • Defining subclasses of generic classes
  • Generic functions
  • Generic methods and generic self
  • Automatic self types using typing.Self
  • Variance of generic types
  • Type variables with upper bounds
  • Type variables with constraints
  • Declaring decorators
  • Generic protocols
  • Generic type aliases
  • Generic class internals
  • Credits
• Protocols and structural subtyping
  • Predefined protocols
  • Simple user-defined protocols
  • Defining subprotocols and subclassing protocols
  • Invariance of protocol attributes
  • Recursive protocols
  • Using isinstance() with protocols
  • Callback protocols
  • Predefined protocol reference
  • Credits
• Typing Best Practices
  • Introduction
  • Typing Features
  • Ergonomic Practices
  • Stylistic Practices
• Testing and Ensuring Type Annotation Quality
  • Testing Annotation Accuracy
  • Improving Type Completeness
• typing Module Documentation